Journal Title：Purinergic Signalling

Nucleotides and nucleosides are primitive biological molecules that were utilized early in evolution both as intracellular energy sources and as extracellular signalling molecules. ATP was first identified as a neurotransmitter and later as a co-transmitter with all the established neurotransmitters in both peripheral and central nervous systems. Four subtypes of P1 (adenosine) receptors, 7 subtypes of P2X ion channel receptors and 8 subtypes of P2Y G protein-coupled receptors have currently been identified. Since P2 receptors were first cloned in the early 1990’s, there is clear evidence for the widespread distribution of both P1 and P2 receptor subtypes in neuronal and non-neuronal cells, including glial, immune, bone, muscle, endothelial, epithelial and endocrine cells.

核苷酸和核苷是原始生物分子，在进化早期被用作细胞内能源和细胞外信号分子。 ATP 最初被确定为一种神经递质，后来被确定为与外周和中枢神经系统中所有已建立的神经递质的共同递质。目前已鉴定出 4 种 P1（腺苷）受体亚型、7 种 P2X 离子通道受体亚型和 8 种 P2Y G 蛋白偶联受体亚型。自 1990 年代初首次克隆 P2 受体以来，有明确证据表明 P1 和 P2 受体亚型在神经元和非神经元细胞中广泛分布，包括神经胶质细胞、免疫细胞、骨细胞、肌肉细胞、内皮细胞、上皮细胞和内分泌细胞。